there is a decrease in

The yearly motion of a star, resulting from the Earth's motion, grows smaller as the distance of a star increases.

The approximation decreases in accuracy with increasing molecular density.

Metals decrease (or show a decrease) in conductivity when heated.

The intensity of change is diminished.

When a positive ion is formed from an atom, there is a decrease in size. Detector noise tends to diminish (or decrease) with frequency.

The corrosion of aluminium alloys in boiling carbon tetrachloride dropped rapidly as the magnesium content increased.

The yield falls to 80% at 1000°.

The equilibrium constant will fall (or decline) with a rise in temperature. This current gain should fall off with increasing emitter current.

Specific weight goes down (or drops) as the engine diameter is reduced.

In this atmosphere oxygen is reduced to 100 ppm.

The rate of reaction ultimately tapers off.

Under anaerobic conditions, free hydrogen production is lowered for the first three bacteria.

53% reduction in wear was achieved.

A curtailment of the diameter...

The cut in prices...

A decline in the variety of such materials occurs when...

Decline of head...

A decrease in efficiency...

Further decrease of the hole diameter causes...

In addition to the deterioration of ductility, the strength is also affected.

A fall in friction...

This would result in decreased (or reduced) buoyancy.

There is little diminution of volume in the oxidation of ammonia.

The demagnification of images employed is...

The amplifier-supply current develops a voltage across the resistor.

The paper discusses the status of mechanical properties of tungsten-base alloys as of April 1982.

As of June 23, all recovery facilities were returned to normal operations.

Cylinders three inches in diameter by three inches long...

Work is the product of force by distance.

The engineer increased the coercive force of the magnet by 7%.

A specification for (or on, or covering) nickel-chromium alloys...

The engine delivers one power stroke for each full rotation of the shaft.

For every 1000 ft increase in altitude, there is a corresponding decrease in pressure of...

A change of a few degrees may mean that icing conditions are imminent.

Five minutes were required to lift the 50-lb weight by (or through) 16 ft.

The control valve should be at least one size ( на один размер) smaller than the control-agent pipe.

In this case the proper allowance for shrinkage is 3/16 inch to the foot.

If a 10-lb block is lifted (на) 3 ft.

Loops of nucleic acids may be lengthened or diminished (на) one nucleoside at a time.

There are four covalent bonds to each carbon.

The amplifier-supply current develops a voltage across the resistor.

The paper discusses the status of mechanical properties of tungsten-base alloys as of April 1982.

As of June 23, all recovery facilities were returned to normal operations.

Cylinders three inches in diameter by three inches long...

Work is the product of force by distance.

The engineer increased the coercive force of the magnet by 7%.

A specification for (or on, or covering) nickel-chromium alloys...

The engine delivers one power stroke for each full rotation of the shaft.

For every 1000 ft increase in altitude, there is a corresponding decrease in pressure of...

A change of a few degrees may mean that icing conditions are imminent.

Five minutes were required to lift the 50-lb weight by (or through) 16 ft.

The control valve should be at least one size ( на один размер) smaller than the control-agent pipe.

In this case the proper allowance for shrinkage is 3/16 inch to the foot.

If a 10-lb block is lifted (на) 3 ft.

Loops of nucleic acids may be lengthened or diminished (на) one nucleoside at a time.

There are four covalent bonds to each carbon.

разрушение лесного покрова
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

forest cover destruction
Destruction of forests is carried out in many countries in order to provide new land for agricultural or livestock purposes. It is often done without factors such as climate and topography having been sufficiently studied and on lands where slope nature of the soil or other physiographic characteristics clearly indicate that the land involved is suitable only for forest. Although these practices may lead to a temporary increase in productivity, there are also many indications that in the long run there is usually a decrease in productivity per unit of surface and that erosion and irreversible soil deterioration often accompany this process. Many factors contribute to forest cover destruction: timber production, clearance for agriculture, cutting for firewood and charcoal, fires, droughts, strip mining, pollution, urban development, population pressures, and warfare. (Source: WPR)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• forest cover destruction

DE

• Zerstörung der Waldbedeckung

FR

• réduction de la surface boisée

энергия ГЭС
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

hydroelectric energy
The free renewable source of energy provided by falling water that drives the turbines. Hydropower is the most important of the regenerable energy sources because of its highest efficiency at the energy conversion. There are two types of hydroelectric power plants: a) run-of-river power plants for the use of affluent water; b) storage power plants (power stations with reservoir) where the influx can be regulated with the help of a reservoir. Mostly greater differences in altitudes are being used, like mountain creeks. Power stations with reservoirs are generally marked by barrages with earth fill dam or concrete dams. Though hydropower generally can be called environmentally acceptable, there exist also some problems: a) change of groundwater level and fill up of the river bed with rubble. b) Risk of dam breaks. c) Great demand for land space for the reservoir. d) Diminution, but partly also increase of value of recreation areas. As the hydropowers of the world are limited, the world energy demand however is rising, finally the share of hydropower will decrease. (Source: PORT / PHC / PZ)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• hydroelectric energy

DE

• hydroelektrische Energie

FR

• énergie hydroélectrique

действие электрической дуги, возникающей внутри НКУ распределения и управления
-
[Интент]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Effects of the electric arc inside switchgear and controlgear assemblies

In the proximity of the main boards, i.e. in the proximity of big electrical machines, such as transformers or generators, the short-circuit power is high and consequently also the energy associated with the electrical arc due to a fault is high.

Without going into complex mathematical descriptions of this phenomenon, the first instants of arc formation inside a cubicle can be schematized in 4 phases:

1. compression phase: in this phase the volume of the air where the arc develops is overheated owing to the continuous release of energy; due to convection and radiation the remaining volume of air inside the cubicle warms up; initially there are temperature and pressure values different from one zone to another;

2. expansion phase: from the first instants of internal pressure increase a hole is formed through which the overheated air begins to go out. In this phase the pressure reaches its maximum value and starts to decrease owing to the release of hot air;

3. emission phase: in this phase, due to the continuous contribution of energy by the arc, nearly all the air is forced out under a soft and almost constant overpressure;

4. thermal phase: after the expulsion of the air, the temperature inside the switchgear reaches almost that of the electrical arc, thus beginning this final phase which lasts till the arc is quenched, when all the metals and the insulating materials coming into contact undergo erosion with production of gases, fumes and molten material particles.

Should the electrical arc occur in open configurations, some of the described phases could not be present or could have less effect; however, there shall be a pressure wave and a rise in the temperature of the zones surrounding the arc.

Being in the proximity of an electrical arc is quite dangerous; here are some data to understand how dangerous it is:

• pressure: at a distance of 60 cm from an electrical arc associated with a 20 kA arcing fault a person can be subject to a force of 225 kg; moreover, the sudden pressure wave may cause permanent injuries to the eardrum;
• arc temperatures: about 7000-8000 °C;
• sound: electrical arc sound levels can reach 160 db, a shotgun blast only 130 db.

[ABB]

Действие электрической дуги, возникающей внутри НКУ распределения и управления

Короткое замыкание вблизи больших силовых устройств, таких как трансформаторы или генераторы имеет очень большую мощность. Поэтому энергия электрической дуги, возникшей в результате короткого замыкания, очень большая.

Не вдаваясь в сложное математическое описание данного явления, можно сказать, что первые мгновения формирования дуги внутри шкафа можно упрощенно разделить на четыре этапа:

1. Этап сжатия: на этом этапе объем воздуха, в котором происходит зарождение дуги перегревается вследствие непрерывного высвобождения энергии. За счет конвекции и излучения оставшийся объем воздуха внутри шкафа нагревается. На этом начальном этапе значения температуры и давления воздуха в разных зонах НКУ разные.

2. Этап расширения: с первых мгновений внутреннее давление создает канал, через который начинается движение перегретого воздуха. На этом этапе давление достигает своего максимального значения, после чего начинает уменьшаться вследствие выхода горячего воздуха.

3. Этап эмиссии: на этом этапе вследствие непрерывного пополнения энергией дуги почти весь воздух выталкивается под действием мягкого и почти постоянного избыточного давления.

4. Термический этап: после выхлопа воздуха температура внутри НКУ почти достигает температуры электрической дуги. Так начинается заключительный этап, который длится до тех пор, пока дуга не погаснет. При этом все металлические и изоляционные материалы, вступившие в контакт с дугой, оказываются подвергнутыми эрозии с выделением газов, дыма и частиц расплавленного материала.

Если электрическая дуга возникнет в открытом НКУ, то некоторые из описанных этапов могут не присутствовать или могут иметь меньшее воздействие. Тем не менее будет иметь место воздушная волна и подъем температуры вблизи дуги.

Находиться вблизи электрической дуги довольно опасно. Ниже приведены некоторые сведения, помогающие осознать эту опасность:

• давление: На расстоянии 60 см от электрической дуги, вызванной током короткого замыкания 20 кА, человек может подвергнуться воздействию силы 225 кг. Более того, резкая волна давления может нанести тяжелую травму барабанным перепонкам;
• температура дуги: около 7000-8000 °C;
• шумовое воздействие: Уровень шумового воздействия электрической дуги может достигнуть 160 дБ (выстрел из дробовика – 130 дБ).

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики

• НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

EN

• effects of the electric arc inside switchgear and controlgear assemblу

отключение постоянного тока
-
[Интент]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Remarks on the interruption of direct current

Direct current presents different problems than alternating current with aregard to the phenomena associated to the interruption of high value currents since the arc extinction results to be particularly difficult.

As Figure 7 shows, with alternating current there is natural passage of current through zero at each half cycle, which corresponds to the quenching of the arc during the circuit opening. With direct current there is not such natural passage and therefore, to guarantee arc extinction, the current must decrease to null (forcing the current passage through zero).
[ABB]

Некоторые сведения об отключении постоянного тока

Отключение постоянного тока, в отличие от переменного связано с существенной проблемой гашения электрической дуги. Данная проблема проявляется тем больше, чем больше значение постоянного тока.

Как видно из рис.7, кривая переменного тока каждые полпериода принимает нулевое значение («проходит через ноль»), что способствует гашению дуги при размыкании цепи. Постоянный ток по своей природе не «проходит через ноль», поэтому для гарантированного гашения дуги необходимо принудительно уменьшить его значение до нуля (т. е. заставить «пройти через ноль»).
[Перевод Интент]

Тематики

• электротехника, основные понятия

EN

• interruption of direct current

разрушение лесного покрова
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

forest cover destruction
Destruction of forests is carried out in many countries in order to provide new land for agricultural or livestock purposes. It is often done without factors such as climate and topography having been sufficiently studied and on lands where slope nature of the soil or other physiographic characteristics clearly indicate that the land involved is suitable only for forest. Although these practices may lead to a temporary increase in productivity, there are also many indications that in the long run there is usually a decrease in productivity per unit of surface and that erosion and irreversible soil deterioration often accompany this process. Many factors contribute to forest cover destruction: timber production, clearance for agriculture, cutting for firewood and charcoal, fires, droughts, strip mining, pollution, urban development, population pressures, and warfare. (Source: WPR)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• forest cover destruction

DE

• Zerstörung der Waldbedeckung

FR

• réduction de la surface boisée

энергия ГЭС
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

hydroelectric energy
The free renewable source of energy provided by falling water that drives the turbines. Hydropower is the most important of the regenerable energy sources because of its highest efficiency at the energy conversion. There are two types of hydroelectric power plants: a) run-of-river power plants for the use of affluent water; b) storage power plants (power stations with reservoir) where the influx can be regulated with the help of a reservoir. Mostly greater differences in altitudes are being used, like mountain creeks. Power stations with reservoirs are generally marked by barrages with earth fill dam or concrete dams. Though hydropower generally can be called environmentally acceptable, there exist also some problems: a) change of groundwater level and fill up of the river bed with rubble. b) Risk of dam breaks. c) Great demand for land space for the reservoir. d) Diminution, but partly also increase of value of recreation areas. As the hydropowers of the world are limited, the world energy demand however is rising, finally the share of hydropower will decrease. (Source: PORT / PHC / PZ)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• hydroelectric energy

DE

• hydroelektrische Energie

FR

• énergie hydroélectrique

разрушение лесного покрова
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

forest cover destruction
Destruction of forests is carried out in many countries in order to provide new land for agricultural or livestock purposes. It is often done without factors such as climate and topography having been sufficiently studied and on lands where slope nature of the soil or other physiographic characteristics clearly indicate that the land involved is suitable only for forest. Although these practices may lead to a temporary increase in productivity, there are also many indications that in the long run there is usually a decrease in productivity per unit of surface and that erosion and irreversible soil deterioration often accompany this process. Many factors contribute to forest cover destruction: timber production, clearance for agriculture, cutting for firewood and charcoal, fires, droughts, strip mining, pollution, urban development, population pressures, and warfare. (Source: WPR)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• forest cover destruction

DE

• Zerstörung der Waldbedeckung

FR

• réduction de la surface boisée

энергия ГЭС
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

hydroelectric energy
The free renewable source of energy provided by falling water that drives the turbines. Hydropower is the most important of the regenerable energy sources because of its highest efficiency at the energy conversion. There are two types of hydroelectric power plants: a) run-of-river power plants for the use of affluent water; b) storage power plants (power stations with reservoir) where the influx can be regulated with the help of a reservoir. Mostly greater differences in altitudes are being used, like mountain creeks. Power stations with reservoirs are generally marked by barrages with earth fill dam or concrete dams. Though hydropower generally can be called environmentally acceptable, there exist also some problems: a) change of groundwater level and fill up of the river bed with rubble. b) Risk of dam breaks. c) Great demand for land space for the reservoir. d) Diminution, but partly also increase of value of recreation areas. As the hydropowers of the world are limited, the world energy demand however is rising, finally the share of hydropower will decrease. (Source: PORT / PHC / PZ)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• hydroelectric energy

DE

• hydroelektrische Energie

FR

• énergie hydroélectrique

While the life of components in orbit may be as low as a few days, quick passage through the radiation belt has little effect.

The orbital periods of these stars can be as short as a few years.

In this case a total of 200 shots is all that can be expected.

Ethane theoretically possesses an indefinite number of conformations; however if..., there are but two significant conformations.

Other embryonic movements are no more than (or are mere) preludes to adult behaviour.

The factor leads to nothing more than a decrease in scattering and therefore is generally ignored.

The innermost portion of the ring is a mere 7,000 miles above Saturn's face.

A stationary electron in a uniform magnetic field has just two distinct energy levels.

Tool-changing time can be as little as two seconds.

Such a backup system can operate for weeks on as few as three or four "penlight" batteries.

Scale differences of only 1 -2% can cause a loss of...

While the life of components in orbit may be as low as a few days, quick passage through the radiation belt has little effect.

The orbital periods of these stars can be as short as a few years.

In this case a total of 200 shots is all that can be expected.

Ethane theoretically possesses an indefinite number of conformations; however if..., there are but two significant conformations.

Other embryonic movements are no more than (or are mere) preludes to adult behaviour.

The factor leads to nothing more than a decrease in scattering and therefore is generally ignored.

The innermost portion of the ring is a mere 7,000 miles above Saturn's face.

A stationary electron in a uniform magnetic field has just two distinct energy levels.

Tool-changing time can be as little as two seconds.

Such a backup system can operate for weeks on as few as three or four "penlight" batteries.

Scale differences of only 1 -2% can cause a loss of...